The 5 Farming Bridges by Vincent Callebaut Architectures

The Vincent Callebaut Architectures rebuilt on the Tigris River 55 000 Plus-Energy 3D Printed Housing Units from the Ruins of War Fighting Poverty and Feeding the Post-ISIS Mosul.

Architect: Vincent Callebaut Architectures
Location: Tigris River, Mosul, Iraq
Year: 2017

ASSESSMENT: A city to upcycle
On July 9, 2017, after nine months of fierce battle, the Iraqi army, backed by the international coalition, defeated the forces of the Islamic State that had occupied Mosul since the proclamation of the "caliphate" in June 2014.

Emerging from the ruins, civilians celebrate the long-awaited liberation of the devastated city from apocalyptic streets and ruined buildings.

On June 19, 2017, jihadists attacked the city's historic, social, and cultural heritage. Shiite mausoleums and sanctuaries have been blown up, as well as the emblematic Al-Nouri mosque and its tilted minaret from the twelfth century.

Long reconstruction work is awaited by the Iraqi government and the inhabitants. Whole neighborhoods have been razed: hospitals, mosques, sports complexes, and thousands of houses. In total, between 50 and 75% of the city were wiped off the map leaving only millions of tons of rubble looking for a new life through recycling.

Everything has to be rebuilt! The shovels begin to clear the rubble... In the logic of a circular economy and upcycling, everything that can be reused, recycled, and transformed must be inventoried and valued.

A 100-day plan deals with immediate problems, such as material sorting as well as de-mining, trash removal, and rehabilitation of utility facilities. It opens the way to a ten-year reconstruction plan, which will affect all Iraqi cities liberated from ISIS. Initial rehabilitation efforts will include roads and bridges, as well as electricity and water services.

According to the Iraqi government, more than $1 billion will be needed to rehabilitate basic services throughout Mosul and prepare a resilient urban plan to welcome the war refugees and internally displaced persons to the country with dignity.

ANSWER: Five affordable and adaptable home bridges with replicable architecture
The 5 Mosul bridges connecting the west and east districts across the Tigris were destroyed to encircle ISIS. The concept is to rebuild them as inhabited bridges by building the new city over the old city. It is a matter of recycling the city from its heart, not from rebuilding it to its periphery by encroaching on an obsolescent agricultural land.

These inhabited bridges will be printed in 3D using debris from war ruins and rubble to address the shortage of affordable housing, estimated at more than 53,000 dwelling units.

They will be covered with urban farms and agricultural fields dedicated to permaculture in order to guarantee food autonomy to their inhabitants and excellent thermal inertia to the built environment. Urban farms and orchards will be irrigated by water from the Tigris, plowed by Archimedes screws. Gray water from bathrooms and kitchens will also be recycled and filtered by plants in lagoon waterfalls connected with the river. Biomass composters will feed their orchards and vegetable gardens suspended in biological fertilizers.

The bridges will also incorporate wind chimneys for cool, natural air, cold ceilings using the thermal energy of the river, solar water heaters for hot water, and hundreds of photovoltaic pergolas producing the necessary kilowatts.

Each bridge will resemble an artificial mountain generated by repetition in the space of one single basic module of 12.96m²: a 3,6m cube creating an edge vault using the intersection of two cradles, which intersect at right angles.

Inspired by the muqarnas - the famous, ornamental honeycomb pattern, used in Islamic architecture since medieval times - stacking these typical houses in a space creates a corbelled structure consisting of thousands of stalactites, which redescend the structural loads towards the bridge piers.

The typical houses will made up of 2, 5, or 10 modules, respectively forming dwellings of 25, 65, and 120 m². The constructive system will thus respond to different habitable capacity requirements, according to the size of the Iraqi family to be accommodated. Stacked in large groups, the typical houses will form quarters with ocher toned facades, and, over the years, a dense, green, and sustainable village above the Tigris. The facades are reminiscent of the ziggurats with their succession of superimposed terraces, distanced with respect to each other.

Five 3D printers in the form of articulated spiders will allow the construction of 30 houses per day, or nearly 55,000 housing units in five years spread over the five bridges.

All debris will be transformed into resources. To feed these 3D spider printers, drones will continuously bring them construction materials coming from the districts in ruins; previously crushed and transformed in recycling centers. Equipped with an industrial precision robotic arm, the spiders print the housing modules by directing any building nozzle such as those used to pour concrete and insulation materials, or those using a milling head.

IMPACT: Ten years to rebuild 2 million lives
Restoring the self-confidence of war refugees, their confidence in an optimistic future, and allowing them to participate actively in the repatriation process is essential to the success of this reconstruction in the heart of the city.

400 kilometers (250 miles) north of Baghdad, the rebuilding of the 5 bridges in Mosul, such as the mythical hanging gardens of Babylon (present-day southern Iraq), offers a vision of a positive future and a prototype of affordable and adaptable housing for each family unit.

It is an urban planning model that can be easily replicated with the goal of rapidly increasing the housing capacity in the city and providing a practical and inspiring solution for war rapatriates. This pioneering concept could change the way to construct buildings - making the process faster and less costly - fighting poverty and feeding the Post-ISIS Mosul.        

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